Download Easy: FreeBSD Simple Info

Saturday, November 26, 2016

FreeBSD Simple Info

1. ????.cshrc??

???????.cshrc??.

#csh .cshrc file

alias h history 25

alias j jobs -l

alias la ls -a

alias lf ls -FA

alias ll ls -lA

alias su su -m

setenv EDITOR vi

setenv EXINIT set autoindent

setenv PAGER more

set path = (~/bin /bin /usr/{bin,games} /usr/local/bin /usr/X11R6/bin)

if ($?prompt) then

# An interactive shell -- set some stuff up

set filec

set history = 1000

set ignoreeof

set mail = (/var/mail/$USER)

set mch = `hostname -s`

set prompt = "${mch:q}: {!} "

umask 2

endif

path??????shell????????????. ??????????

?????????????????. ?????????????.

???????????????????. ???????????. ??

??????????path????, ??????????????????

?.

?????????????, ??????????"./" . ??, ??

/usr/local/www/cgi-bin/?????????????. ???getdata.pl,

???getdata.pl, ?????????HTML??, ???????????

?, getdata.pl: Command not found. ??????path???????"."

??. ?????????????:

./getdata.pl

?????????HTML. ?????????, ????????????

?????.

?? TCSH ???

???????, tcsh?csh??????????????????????.

?????????tcsh????.cshrc?????:

#tcsh .tcshrc file

alias h history 25

alias j jobs -l

alias la ls -a

alias lf ls -FA

alias ll ls -lF

#alias su su -m -- bad for suing to root..

setenv EDITOR vim

setenv PAGER less

set path = ( ~/bin /usr/local/bin /bin /usr/{bin,games} /usr/sbin /sbin /usr/local/samba/bin /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/local/java/bin .)

setenv IRCNICK ringzero

setenv IRCSERVER irc2.magic.ca

setenv NNTPSERVER news.sentex.ca

if ($?prompt) then

# An interactive shell -- set some stuff up

set filec

set fignore = .o # ignore object files for filec

set showmatch # for programming

set history = 100

set savehist = 75 # tcsh version of history..

set ignoreeof

set mail = (/var/mail/$USER)

set prompt="vinyl:{%h}%~ %% " # tcsh version of above!

set watch = (1 gabor any mike any adrian any pwardrop any)

umask 2

endif

???????????setenv??. ??????, ???????????

???irc??????????. ??????????set fignore = .o , ?

??file completion(set filec)(???: ??tcsh????,??????file

completion ????bash????????,??????,???????)??

???".o"???. ??????C?????????, ??????????

".c"?????".o"??. set showmatch ? tcsh ??????file completion

??. ??????, ?????! set prompt ?????shell??????

??????. ???????????????. ???????:

mark:{123}~ % cd /usr/src

mark:{124}/usr/src %

?????????home??. ??????????tsch?csh???, ???

????,??????man tcsh! ????shells???(??tcsh?"watch"??)

??man page?. ?????????????????!

??:

????????.cshrc??, ????source .cshrc????

??????!

2. ??????????(Virtual Terminals)

(???: ?????????Virtual Terminals???????,

???????Pseudo terminals???????)

????????????????????????. ?????????

????, ??????????. ????????4?????, ???3?

??.?ALT?F2?F3(F1???????)????????????????.

??????????????, ???????????????????.

?ALT?F1???????.

????????, ????????????/dev??. ????MAKEDEV

??. MAKEDEV???shell??, ?????sh shell???????. ????

???:

cd /dev

sh MAKEDEV vty 16

??:

(???????MAKEDEV, ?????????)

????16??????. ?????ALT+F????. (???: ??F???12?)

???????????????/etc/ttys???????. ??/etc/?????

?vi???/etc/ttys??.

cd /etc

vi ttys

#

# $Id: ttys,v 1.2 1998/09/02 01:34:57 brian Exp $

# @(#)ttys 5.1 (Berkeley) 4/17/89

#

# name gettytype status comments

#

# This entry needed for asking password when init goes to single-user mode

# If you want to be asked for password, change "secure" to "insecure" here

console noneunknown off secure

#

ttyv0 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

# Virtual terminals

ttyv1 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

#ttyv3 "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure

ttyv3 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

ttyv4 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

ttyv5 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

ttyv6 "/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon" xterm off secure

# Serial terminals

# The dialup keyword identifies dialin lines to login, fingerd etc.

ttyd0 "/usr/libexec/getty std.9600" dialup off secure

ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.9600" dialup off secure

ttyd2 "/usr/libexec/getty std.9600" dialup off secure

ttyd3 "/usr/libexec/getty std.9600" dialup off secure

# Pseudo terminals

ttyp0 none network secure

ttyp1 none network secure

ttyp2 none network secure

ttyp3 none network

(???: ???????, ?????/etc/ttys?????)

?????X window, ??????????????. ?????,

ttyv4 ????.

?????Virtual Terminals???????. ??????16???

?????, ??????16?????????. ?????/etc/ttys

?????16???????????; ?????4?. ???????

????????:

ttyv2 "/usr/libexec/getty Pc" cons25 on secure

?????????yy???j???????12p???????12?.??

???ttyv2?12???, ????????????. ?4??,???5,6,

7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f.

??????/etc/ttys?????ttyv1 - ttyvf??????.

?vi??????????????,??????????????r??

?????????,???j?????????????.

??????ZZ??vi. ?????init??. ?????????:

kill -HUP 1

????????????????.

3. ??????

??????????. ????????, ?????????.(??,

??????????????). ??????????.

??????FreeBSD,FreeBSD???????????????. ????

???"-c"??reboot. ?????????visual config????????

??. ????????????????????????IDE??????

???,?????SCSI??????????????SCSI???. ????

??????*??*?????, ???visual config????????. ?

????????????????????.

????????????, ?????????dmesg. ????????

??.

/usr/> dmesg | more

??????SCSI???, ????????SCSI BIOS?????????

SCSI termination.

??????????, ?????FreeBSD?????.

******************************************************************

???????????????????????. ??????????

????????????????DOS FAT????. ??????, ???

??????????sd1, ??????????SCSI???(?SCSI ID 1).

???????FAT??:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rsd1 count=100

???????????"disk label". ???????????FreeBSD?

??:

disklabel -Brw sd1 auto

*?rsd1?sd1?????????,???????????????????.

????????????, ?FreeBSD????????. ??????????

??fdisk.

??????FreeBSD???????????, ????? disklabel ???

??????????, ???????disklabel???????????.??

???????????????, ??.

?????IDE??disklabel:

disklabel -e wd0

# /dev/rwd0c:

type: ESDI

disk: wd0s1

label:

flags:

bytes/sector: 512

sectors/track: 51

tracks/cylinder: 13

sectors/cylinder: 663

cylinders: 722

sectors/unit: 479298

rpm: 3600

interleave: 1

trackskew: 0

cylinderskew: 0

headswitch: 0 # milliseconds

track-to-track seek: 0 # milliseconds

drivedata: 0

8 partitions:

# size offset fstype [fsize bsize bps/cpg]

a: 65536 0 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 98*)

b: 85936 65536 swap # (Cyl. 98*- 228*)

c: 479298 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 722*)

e: 61440 151472 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 228*- 321*)

f: 266386 212912 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 321*- 722*)

?????????,????????. ?????????,???????

???????????????????(cylinders)?. size ???????

?. offset ?????????????. ?? a ???0??. ??????

??????????????????. ??????????, tracks/cylinder

(???????)??sectors/cylinder(???????)??????????

???.(???*???*???=????) ??offset????, ??????

???????offset.(Size+Offset=?????Offset)

fstype????????????????. FreeBSD??????????

4.2BSD. swap????????????. FAT?DOS?????????.??a

???????,????????????.

?? b ???????. ????offset 0??. ???????????

?. ?? e ???offset 0 ???????????, ??????????

?? e ???.

?? c ?????. ????c??????????.

????newfs?????????????. ???????????, ??

?disklabel ?????c??.

newfs /dev/rsd1c

c????????? - ????????????????????????.

??????????, ???????????newfs???????,???

???.

??,???mount???. ??????????mkdir???"mount point"

/d2 .

mount /dev/sd1c /d2

????, ???????????:

#vinyl % df -k

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on

/dev/sd0a 31775 13530 15703 46% /

/dev/sd0s1f 1913091 1086207 673837 62% /usr

/dev/sd0s1e 29727 12663 14686 46% /var

procfs 4 4 0 100% /proc

/dev/sd1c 4108717 616594 3163426 16% /d2

?????/etc/fstab????????????????????mount.

???????????mount. ????????????fstab??,??

????.

?????man page???: fstab mount disklabel dmesg dd ? newfs

4. ????????

4.1 ???????????

4.2 ??????

4.3 (??)??daemon & NFS??

4.4 ????????

4.5 ??????(NIS)??

4.6 ??????

4.7 ???????

4.8 ??????

4.9 Allow local configuration override at the very end here

??:

?????????????????. ??????????

4.1 ???????????

swapfile="NO"

# ?????????,??????????????.

# Set to name of swapfile if aux swapfile desired.

apm_enable="NO"

??????APM(??????)??YES

pccard_enable="NO"

???PCCARD??????YES.

pccard_mem="DEFAULT"

??ccard_enable=YES, ????????.

pccard_ifconfig="NO"

???pccard?????(?? NO).

local_startup="/usr/local/etc/rc.d /usr/X11R6/etc/rc.d"

??????.?????,FreeBSD???????,????????

??.???Windows??"??"???.local_startup???????

????????????.???????,???????.????

?????,?????????.???/etc/rc.local???????

????.

4.2. ??????

??????:

hostname="myname.my.domain"

???????. ?????Internet?????????.????

???????DNS??.

nisdomainname="NO"

?? NIS ? ???? NIS (?? NO).

firewall="NO"

????? (?? /etc/rc.firewall) ?? NO.

tcp_extensions="YES"

# ?? RFC1323 & RFC1544 ?? (?? NO).

network_interfaces="lo0"

??????????????.?????????.lo0

???(loopback)?????"localhost".??,??ed0

(NE2000)?fxp0(Intel Ether Express)?????.

ifconfig_lo0="inet 127.0.0.1"

???????????????.

ifconfig_lo0_alias0="inet 127.0.0.254 netmask 0xffffffff"

??lo0?localhost??????.

4.3. (??)??daemon & NFS??:

syslogd_enable="YES"

Syslog ???????.??????????/var/log/.??

/etc/syslog.conf???.

syslogd_flags=""

# syslogd ????? (?????).

inetd_enable="YES"

??????????. ??????????telnet??????

?. ???/etc/inetd.conf???. ??????????, ???

?????????????, ??: finger, telnet,rlogin, ftp,

pop3 ??...

inetd_flags=""

# inetd ???.

named_enable="NO"

??????Internet????, ???, BIND. ?????????

DNS?????????.??? /etc/namedb/named.boot???, ??

?????????. ????????DNS servers.

named_flags="-b /etc/namedb/named.boot"

??????named?????.

kerberos_server_enable="NO"

# ????kerberos????? (?? NO).

# Run a kerberos master server(or NO).

rwhod_enable="NO"

# ?? rwho daemon (?? NO).

amd_enable="NO"

# ?$amd_flags??amd??. (?? NO).

amd_flags="-a /net -c 1800 -k i386 -d my.domain -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map"

??

nfs_client_enable="NO"

# ??????? NFS ??? (?? NO).

nfs_client_flags="-n 4"

# nfsiod ??? (?????).

nfs_server_enable="NO"

# ??????? NFS ??? (?? NO).

nfs_server_flags="-u -t 4"

# nfsd ??? (?????).

weak_mountd_authentication="NO"

# ?? PCNFSD / ?? non-root nfsd (?? NO).

nfs_reserved_port_only="NO"

# ?????????NFS (?? NO).

rpc_lockd_enable="NO"

# ?? NFS rpc.lockd (*broken!*) ?? nfs_server.

rpc_statd_enable="YES"

# ?? NFS rpc.statd ?? nfs_server (or NO).

portmap_enable="YES"

# ?? portmapper ?? (?? NO).

portmap_flags=""

# portmap ???(?????).

xtend_enable="NO"

# ?? X-10 ????? daemon.

xtend_flags=""

# xtend ???(?????).

4.4. ????????:

timed_enable="NO"

???? daemon (?? NO).

timed_flags=""

timed ???(?????).

ntpdate_enable="NO"

??ntpdate ????? (or NO).

ntpdate_flags=""

ntpdate ???(?????).

xntpd_enable="NO"

?? xntpd ?????? (?? NO).

xntpd_flags=""

xntpd ???(?????).

tickadj_enable="NO"

?? tickadj (?? NO).

tickadj_flags="-Aq"

tickadj ???(?????).

4.5. ??????(NIS)??:

nis_client_enable="NO"

?????NIS??? (?? NO).

nis_client_flags=""

ypbind ??? (?????).

nis_ypset_enable="NO"

??????ypset (?? NO).

nis_ypset_flags=""

ypset ???(?????).

nis_server_enable="NO"

????NIS??? (?? NO).

nis_server_flags=""

ypserv ???(?????).

nis_ypxfrd_enable="NO"

?????rpc.ypxfrd(?? NO).

nis_ypxfrd_flags=""

rpc.ypxfrd ???(?????).

nis_yppasswdd_enable="NO"

?????rpc.yppasswdd(?? NO).

nis_yppasswdd_flags=""

rpc.yppasswdd ???(?????).

4.6. ??????:

defaultrouter="NO"

??????????.?????Internet?????IP??.??

???????,????ping?????????.????IP??

?10.1.1.3,?????255.255.255.0,?????10.1.1.2???

??10.1.2.2,???????????.

static_routes=""

???????????????????????????.

gateway_enable="NO"

???????????????YES.??????????????

???????,??,ipnat?????????????YES.

router_enable="YES"

??? YES ???????daemon.

router="routed"

?????,????daemon???.

router_flags="-q"

??daemon???.

mrouted_enable="NO"

? multicast routing (?? /etc/mrouted.conf).

ipxgateway_enable="NO"

?? YES ??? IPX ??.

ipxrouted_enable="NO"

?? YES ??? IPX ?? daemon.

ipxrouted_flags=""

IPX ?? daemon???.

arpproxy_all=""

?????????? ARP_PROXY_ALL. ??????????.

4.7. ???????

keymap="NO"

/usr/share/syscons/keymaps/* ??keymap (?? NO).

keyrate="NO"

??????: slow, normal, fast (?? NO).

keybell="NO"

bell to duration.pitch or normal or visual (or NO).

keychange="NO"

??????? (?? NO).

cursor="NO"

???? {normal|blink|destructive} (?? NO).

scrnmap="NO"

/usr/share/syscons/scrnmaps/* ??????(?? NO).

font8x16="NO"

/usr/share/syscons/fonts/* ??8x16??(?? NO).

font8x14="NO"

/usr/share/syscons/fonts/* ??8x16??(?? NO).

font8x8="NO"

/usr/share/syscons/fonts/* ??8x8??(?? NO).

blanktime="NO"

blank time (in seconds) or "NO" to turn it off.

saver="NO"

????: blank/daemon/green/snake/star/NO. ????X???

????????.

moused_type="NO"

rc.conf( Cool ?man page ?????????.

moused_port="/dev/cuaa0"

???????? (??,mousetype ???).

moused_flags=""

moused ?????.

4.8. ??????

cron_enable="YES"

???????daemon. Cron ???????? "daemon". ??????

??????????: /etc/daily /etc/weekly ? /etc/montly.

????????????????

lpd_enable="YES"

??????? daemon. ???????????. ???/etc/printcap

??.

lpd_flags=""

lpd ???(?????).

sendmail_enable="YES"

?? sendmail daemon (?? NO). ????????e-mail???????

?????daemon. ???/etc/sendmail.cf???.

sendmail_flags="-bd -q30m"

-bd is pretty mandatory.

savecore_enable="NO"

??crash???????? (?? NO).

dumpdev="NO"

Device name to crashdump to (if enabled).

check_quotas="NO"

?????? (?? NO).

accounting_enable="NO"

?????? (?? NO).

ibcs2_enable="NO"

?????Ibcs2 (SCO) ??? (?? NO).

linux_enable="NO"

?????Linux ??? (or NO). ????Linux?????.

rand_irqs="NO"

Stir the entropy pool (like "5 11" or NO).

4.9. Allow local configuration override at the very end here

if [ -f /etc/rc.conf.local ]; then

. /etc/rc.conf.local

fi

5. ???????

?FreeBSD???/???????.FreeBSD?????"packages",??????

??????????????????????????. ??????CD, ??

??#1??,??????(???packages???..), ???"/stand/sysinstall"

??,?Post Configuration,????Packages. ???????????packages

??????????.

??,???ftp?ftp.freebsd.org?????package????? -

ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/packages-stable ????????.???

?????package,??? .tgz??.??????untar/???. ?????

"pkg_add".

??: ??????? spaz-1.32.tgz ?package

1. su to root (?????root ??? packages)

2. pkg_add spaz-1.32.tgz

????!????package????????????. ????csh?tcsh,??

?rehash????shell???????? bin ??...

??package?????/var/db/pkg??? - ?? cd ???????????

????????????packages. ?????????package,???

pkg_delete??????: pkg_delete spaz-1.32.tgz (?/var/db/pkb??)

FreeBSD?ports????????, ??port????????????????

???. ????ports????"???",?????.??????Internet??,

?????ports tree(???FreeBSD?????????)?? cd ?/usr/ports

???.

?????/usr/ports/net/spaz?????port:

1. su root

2. cd /usr/ports/net/spaz

3. make

??:

??make???????port!

4. make install (?????make????,?????????????

??? bin/lib ??,??????)

5. make clean (???????????????????????)

????,?/var/db/pkg???pkg_delete??????ports.

6. ????Linux???

Linux?????????FreeBSD?????Linux??????.??????

???.??????????????:

* ??????

* ????????????(lkm)

???????, ??????ports collection???Linux?.

cd /usr/ports/emulators/linux_lib

make install

??????Linux????/usr/compat. ??????/usr/bin/linux,??

??Linux????????????????.

??????lkm???Linux???, ?????????/etc/rc.conf???

????.

linux_enable="YES" # Linux emulation loaded at startup (or NO).

????????Linux???. ???????????????Linux???,

???? linux.(??root??)

????lkm,?????????????????,??????

options COMPAT_LINUX

Linux?????????.???????rc.conf??.

Available link for download